Abstract: Using 2013–2022 panel data from China’ s major grain-producing regions, this study empirically examined how agricultural new quality productive forces affect grain production resilience and its mechanisms. Results showed that, agricultural new quality productive forces significantly enhanced grain production resilience primarily through three channels: boosting agricultural labor efficiency, promoting agricultural industrial structure upgrading, and strengthening technological innovation. These effects were more pronounced in eastern/northeastern production regions and non-net grain-exporting provinces. It proposed deepening agricultural new quality productive forces development, leveraging synergies between labor productivity and technological innovation, and adopting multidimensional approaches to strengthen resilience—supporting national food security and agricultural powerhouse construction.