Abstract: Political and social mentality of farmers reflects the status quo of rights and interests maintenance, which refers to the content of psychological level, including mood, emotion, cognition and attitude, at the same time, it will react on the farmers' rights and interests safeguard and behavior. In our country, the farmers' political and social mentality is showed the characteristics of both positive as well as negative. This paper analyzes the overwhelmed states of rights and interests maintenance, including political, economic, social and cultural, combining with the contradiction mindset, explores the path of farmers' rights and interests maintenance, it is that guiding peasants' political and social mentality, making their rights and interests appeals be consistent with the values of social main body, in order to establish rights and interests maintenance mechanism of government leading.