The Impact of China’ s Environmental Regulation of the Pig Industry on Pork Imports
-
摘要: 利用中国与17个猪肉进口来源国面板数据,建立我国猪肉进口扩展贸易引力模型,并运用系统GMM方法估计环境规制水平差异对我国猪肉进口的动态影响效应。结果表明,我国生猪产业环境规制与猪肉进口规模之间存在倒U形的非线性关系。初期,我国生猪产业环境规制提高了生猪生产成本和猪肉价格,鼓励了猪肉进口。后期,生猪养殖企业适应了环境规制要求,通过环保技术创新与规模效应提高了产业竞争力,抑制了猪肉进口。Abstract: Using the dynamic panel data between China and its 17 pork trade partners, this paper established an extended trade gravity model for China’ s pork imports. It estimated the dynamic effects of differences in environmental regulation levels on the scale of China’ s pork imports by applying a systematic GMM method. The empirical results showed that, there was an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship between the environmental regulation of China’ s pig industry and the scale of its pork imports. In the early phases, environmental regulation increased the cost of pig production and the price of pork, which encouraged pork imports of China. In the later phases, pig raising enterprises adapted to the environmental regulation, improving their industrial competitiveness through the environmental protection technology innovation and scale effect of production, which reduced pork imports of China.
-
Key words:
- pork imports /
- environmental regulation /
- gravity model /
- GMM
-
表 1 我国生猪市场头部企业出栏量及市场集中度
单位:万头,% 年份 温氏股份 牧原股份 正邦科技 新希望 双胞胎 出栏量合计 CR5 2015 1535 192 158 87 — 1972 2.72 2016 1713 311 226 117 — 2367 3.38 2017 1904 724 342 190 — 3160 4.50 2018 2230 1101 554 253 150 4288 6.18 2019 1852 1025 578 355 248 4058 7.46 2020 955 1812 956 829 520 5072 9.62 2021 1322 4026 1493 997 1165 9003 13.41 数据来源:各企业年报;因双胞胎集团未上市,其数据来源于新闻报道。 表 2 中国生猪养殖产业环境规制政策指标评价体系
指标类别 得分 评估中国生猪产业环境规制政策有效性标准 政策目标 5 具体目标和量化标准,列明生猪产业污染处理完成率、达标率 4 具体目标,模糊的量化标准,具体到畜牧产业,未列明完成率、达标率 3 具体目标,未量化(例如养殖污染控制、畜禽粪污控制、疫病控制等) 2 类别目标(如大气污染控制、水污染控制、固体废物控制等) 1 愿景(如污染控制、生态保护、乡村振兴、高质量发展等) 政策措施 5 列出污染治理具体措施,给出严格的实施标准和规定 4 列出污染治理具体措施,给出详细的实施标准 3 列出较为具体的污染治理措施,从多方面对污染整治实施内容进行分类 2 列出一些基本污染治理措施并简要介绍实施内容 1 只从宏观角度概述污染控制相关内容,没有具体治理方案 政策反馈 5 具体负责部门(如农业农村部、生态环境部),定期反馈(如年度或半年度) 4 具体负责部门(如农业农村部、生态环境部),非定期反馈 3 具体负责部门,无反馈 2 无具体负责部门,无反馈(如表达方式为“相关部门”) 1 无监督 政策强度 5 政策形式为法律 4 中国共产党中央委员会、国务院的决定、意见、通知、条例和规定 3 国务院颁布的暂行条例和规定,各部委颁布的条例和规定 2 国务院各部委发布的意见、办法、实施方案 1 国务院各部委及省级政府发布的通知、计划 表 3 主要变量的描述性统计
变量 含义 观察值 均值 标准差 最小值 最大值 ${\rm{ln}}{IM}_{ij}$ 进口猪肉量 1676 13.92 3.286 0 19.73 ${\rm{ln}}{ER}_{i}$ 各省环境规制强度 1676 7.204 0.527 6.122 8.250 ${\rm{ ln}}{D}_{ij}$ 贸易距离 1676 9.817 0.191 9.278 10.26 ${\rm{ln}}P{GDP}_{j}$ 进口来源国人均GDP 1676 10.51 0.583 8.824 11.36 ${\rm{ln}}P{GDP}_{i}$ 各省人均GDP 1676 9.179 0.454 7.551 10.08 ${\rm{ln} }{S}_{ i}$ 各省生猪产业规模 1676 7.316 1.263 2.868 8.915 ${\rm{ln} }{S}_{ j}$ 进口来源国生猪产业规模 1676 7.560 1.060 5.199 9.485 ${\rm{ ln}}{\tau }_{ij}$ 进口猪肉关税 1676 0.104 0.0234 0 0.113 $ TWAR $ 贸易战 1676 0.0304 0.172 0 1 $AS F$ 非洲猪瘟 1676 0.445 0.497 0 1 表 4 我国猪肉进口动态面板模型回归结果
环境规制 环境规制强度综合指数(ER) 污染物排放强度综合指数(ER2) Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ${\rm{ln}}{IM}_{ijt-1}$ 0.881*** 0.892*** 0.829*** 0.822*** 0.905*** 0.917*** 0.810*** 0.913*** (29.04) (33.26) (26.32) (26.05) (28.32) (34.01) (26.28) (30.66) ${\rm{ln}}{ER}_{it}$ 0.641*** 1.035*** 15.006*** (3.189) (3.584) (3.617) ${\rm{ln}}{ER}_{it-1}$ -0.233 9.092** (−1.295) (2.200) ${\rm{ln}}{ER}_{it}^{2}$ −1.083*** (−3.671) ${\rm{ln}}{ER}_{it-1}^{2}$ −0.637** (−2.161) ${\rm{ln}}{ER2}_{it}$ −1.004*** 0.107 −1.134 (−3.924) (0.396) (−0.910) ${\rm{ln}}{ER2}_{it-1}$ −0.644** −5.208** (−2.596) (−2.325) ${\rm{ln}}{ER2}_{it}^{2}$ 0.200 (0.447) ${\rm{ ln}}{ER2}_{it-1}^{2}$ 1.839** (2.306) ${\rm{ln}}{S}_{ jt}$ −0.038 −0.045 −0.018 0.072 −0.039 −0.115* −0.028 −0.018 (−0.517) (−0.712) (−0.206) (0.744) (−0.463) (−1.796) (−0.362) (−0.182) ${\rm{ln}}{S}_{ it}$ 0.046 0.061 −0.009 0.018 0.150** 0.065 0.063 0.133 (0.684) (1.174) (−0.143) (0.287) (2.015) (1.181) (0.853) (1.276) ${\rm{ln}}P{GDP}_{jt}$ −0.282*** −0.255*** −0.288*** −0.249** −0.268*** −0.342*** −0.272*** −0.351*** (−2.621) (−3.032) (−2.718) (−2.450) (−2.610) (−4.157) (−3.025) (−2.978) ${\rm{ln}}P{GDP}_{it}$ 0.808*** 0.897*** 0.560** 0.745** 1.127*** 0.734*** 1.090*** 1.070*** (2.660) (3.899) (2.281) (2.593) (3.520) (3.419) (3.585) (2.713) ${\rm{ln}}{D}_{ij}$ −0.352 −0.288 −0.021 −0.142 0.497 −0.181 −0.222 −0.538 (−0.687) (−0.749) (−0.0431) (−0.320) (0.915) (−0.478) (−0.479) (−0.743) ${\rm{ln}}{\tau }_{ijt}$ 1.694 2.014 −1.210 −4.310 2.659 3.288 −2.040 0.176 (0.615) (0.803) (−0.427) (−1.525) (0.908) (1.206) (−0.811) (0.0727) $AS F$ 0.936*** 0.946*** 0.089 0.321** 0.486*** 0.770*** 0.365*** 0.423*** (5.646) (5.489) (0.716) (2.445) (2.735) (4.762) (3.431) (3.138) $ TWAR $ 0.126 0.079 0.339 0.105 0.353 0.375 0.277 0.069 (0.477) (0.372) (1.450) (0.375) (1.239) (1.594) (1.096) (0.196) Constant −4.016 −7.055 −50.687*** −32.825** −10.764 0.737 −1.153 2.879 (−0.481) (−1.498) (−3.312) (−2.171) (−1.298) (0.151) (−0.181) (0.277) AR(1) −2.813 −2.973 −2.666 −2.563 −2.798 −2.721 −2.697 −2.699 (0.005) (0.003) (0.007) (0.010) (0.005) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) AR(2) 0.539 0.622 0.270 0.213 0.772 0.273 0.289 0.440 (0.590) (0.534) (0.787) (0.831) (0.440) (0.785) (0.772) (0.660) Hansen J test 78.80 77.55 119.6 114.2 70.38 105.4 146.1 87.44 (0.273) (0.306) (0.620) (0.254) (0.532) (0.470) (0.684) (0.136) N 799 799 799 799 799 799 799 799 注:***、**和*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著;括号内为t值;Arellano-abond检验和Hansen J检验中括号内为P值。 -
[1] 朱增勇, 李梦希, 张学彪. 非洲猪瘟对中国生猪市场和产业发展影响分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2019, 35(18): 205. DOI: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.18.025. [2] GALLOWAY J N, BURKE M, BRADFORD G E, et al. International trade in meat: the tip of the pork chop[J]. AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment, 2007, 36(8): 622. DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[622:ITIMTT]2.0.CO;2. [3] WALTER I, UGELOW J L. Environmental policies in developing countries[J]. Ambio, 1979: 102. DOI: 10.2307/4312437. [4] PORTER M E, VAN DER LINDE C. Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship[J]. Journal of economic perspectives, 1995, 9(4): 97. DOI: 10.1257/jep.9.4.97. [5] LEVINSON A, TAYLOR M S. Unmasking the pollution haven effect[J]. International economic review, 2008, 49(1): 223. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2354.2008.00478.x. [6] EDERINGTON J, MINIER J. Is environmental policy a secondary trade barrier? An empirical analysis[J]. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, 2003, 36(1): 137. DOI: 10.1111/1540-5982.00007. [7] SORSA P. Competitiveness and environmental standards: some exploratory results[M]. Washington DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 1994. [8] HUANG Q, LIU M. Trade openness and green total factor productivity: testing the role of environment regulation based on dynamic panel threshold model[J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2022, 24(7): 9304. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01825-y. [9] GALE F. China’ s Pork Imports Rise Along with Production Costs[M]. Washington DC: United States Department of Agriculture, 2017. [10] LEUCK D, HALEY S, LIAPIS P. Agricultural and Environmental Policies in the European Community[J]. Agricultural Trade Conflicts And Gatt: New Dimensions In Us-european Agricultural Trade Relations, 2019. [11] 谷小科, 杜红梅, 王明春. 生猪规模养殖最优环境规制强度的选择: 基于绿色全要素生产率的视角[J]. 湖南师范大学自然科学学报, 2020, 43(4): 80. DOI: 10.7612/j.issn.2096-5281.2020.04.012. [12] 虞祎, 张晖, 胡浩. 地方环境规制、地区猪肉流通与污染天堂效应: 基于引力模型的实证检验[J]. 农业技术经济, 2011(11): 84. DOI: 10.13246/j.cnki.jae.2011.11.003. [13] 吴清冰. 我国生猪产业环境规制的猪肉贸易条件效应研究[D]. 福州: 福州大学, 2019. [14] 周建军, 谭莹, 胡洪涛. 环境规制对中国生猪养殖生产布局与产业转移的影响分析[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2018, 39(3): 440. DOI: 10.13872/j.1000-0275.2018.0029. [15] WANG G, SHEN Y, LI C, et al. The regulatory effect of herd structure on pig production under the environmental regulation[J]. Plos one, 2022, 17(4). DOI: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0266687 [16] 陶红军, 谢超平. 我国猪肉贸易环境污染效应分析[J]. 华南农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2016, 15(2): 113. DOI: 10.7671/j.issn.1672-0202.2016.02.012. [17] 张辉, 吴唱唱, 王桂军. 进口竞争对本土企业创新的影响效应: 供给、需求双视角的机制研究[J]. 国际商务(对外经济贸易大学学报), 2022(4): 16. DOI: 10.13509/j.cnki.ib.2022.04.008. -