Abstract: Based on the macro background of high-quality agricultural development, construct an agricultural production efficiency measurement index system from the dual perspectives of traditional and high-quality, measure the comprehensive efficiency, technical efficiency and scale efficiency of agricultural production in 81 counties in Xinjiang, and adjust input indicators through environmental variables. The empirical results show that: (1) Xinjiang’ s agricultural production efficiency is low. When environmental factors are not considered, backward production technology is an important reason for lowering overall efficiency; after adjustments to environmental factors, there is still room for further improvement in production scale. (2) There are large differences in agricultural production efficiency in various regions of Xinjiang, and the efficiency improvement paths are different. (3) Different environmental factors have different effects on agricultural production efficiency. The improvement of economic development level promotes efficiency improvement by affecting the degree of mechanization, and the improvement of urbanization level promotes efficiency improvement by affecting the number of laborers, the level of informationization, the degree of mechanization, and the amount of chemical fertilizers. Strengthen the promotion of efficiency by affecting the area of arable land, the degree of mechanization and the amount of fertilizer applied.