Abstract: This paper uses the DEA-Malmquist index method to analyze the evolution of total factor productivity of grain in Sichuan province from 2008 to 2017, and uses the panel linear regression model, panel Logit model and panel Tobit model to conduct an empirical study on the influencing factors of total factor productivity. The results show that during 2007—2017, the annual average level of total factor productivity of grain in Sichuan has not changed, and the overall performance is a “W” trend, the growth is mainly driven by the single track of technological progress; there are significant differences in total factor productivity, technological progress and technological efficiency of grain in all cities of Sichuan Province. The levels of regional economic development, R & D investment and agricultural operation scale have a significant positive impact on the total factor productivity of Sichuan grain. The levels of mechanization and agricultural structure have a significant negative impact on the total factor productivity of Sichuan grain. It is suggested that Sichuan province attach great importance to grain production, promote regional coordinated development as a whole, continuously increase the promotion of science and technology, continuously increase R & D investment, and steadily improve the level of agricultural operation scale.