Abstract: Deconstructing the vulnerability of poor farmers from the perspective of vulnerability theory, the research found that the stable poverty alleviation of poor farmers face multiple vulnerability risks, such as natural and ecological environmental risks, market risks, education risks, health risks and so on. The relative shortage of savings and assets and the complexity of the policy environment lead to the vulnerability of poor farmers’ ability to resist the above risks. Based on this, in order to make stable poverty alleviation of rural poverty people come true, we should build a long-term mechanism of production and development based on infrastructure, a long-term mechanism for continuously increasing income with the aim of helping the poor and helping the wise, a green sustainable long-term mechanism with the ecological environment as the carrier, a long-term mechanism of undercover guarantee based on social security and a collaborative network long-term mechanism with multiple subjects as the system.