Abstract: The optimization of planting structure is an important way to ensure food production capacity. Combined with the relevant data of grain production in Anhui Province from 2008 to 2018, exploratory spatial data analysis method and mathematical statistical method were used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of grain crop planting structure and food security situation in Anhui Province. The results shows that the sown area of rice, wheat and corn and the total sown area of grain crops in Anhui Province showed an overall growth trend, while soybeans declined overall; the planting types of grain crops are mainly rice, wheat and their combined types, and the combined types of wheat, corn and soybeans were relatively low. The planting structure of grain crops in Anhui Province has not changed significantly, but the spatial range has changed a lot, there is spatial agglomeration and continuous enhancement, and there are regional differences in high-value and low-value agglomeration of rice, wheat and corn. The province is in a state of food security, and county-level food security structure continues to improve.