Abstract: Rural population hollowing is the product of the long-term impact of urban-rural dual structure. How to solve the problem of hollowing out of county population is a problem that must be faced in the implementation of the strategy of Rural Revitalization. In this paper, entropy weight method, multi index comprehensive evaluation method, geographic concentration index and multiple linear regression are used to measure the degree of population hollowing out, and its spatial differentiation characteristics and influencing factors are revealed. The results show that:（1）There are great regional differences in hollowing degree of rural population in Anhui Province, with the highest mean of 19.64 in Northern Anhui and the lowest mean of 15.96 in central Anhui.（2）The spatial subject of rural population hollowing out in Anhui Province is concentrated distribution, while that in central Anhui Province is random distribution.（3）Rural population hollowing in Anhui Province is the result of a variety of factors. The proportion of financial expenditure on education and the gap between the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents are the main factors that lead to the hollowing out of population in Anhui Province, while the increase of urbanization rate alleviates the hollowing out of rural population to some extent.