Abstract: There are serious defects in the rural public goods supply system in China, mainly due to the unreasonable supply system of “one case, one discussion, fiscal award and subsidy”, high transaction costs, low efficiency and poor quality of public goods supply, which need to be reformed and improved urgently. Based on the theory of public choice and related theories of law and economics, this paper analyzes the problems such as high operating cost and low efficiency of demand expression mechanism in the rural public goods supply system, imbalance and ambiguity of power and responsibility division, and distortion of demand and supply transmission. Furthermore, it is suggested that to improve the supply mechanism of rural public goods, we should aim at equalizing public services, delimit the supply standards by region, promote the marketization of the supply mechanism and the diversification of the main body of supply, promote the system reform and improve the supply performance.