Abstract: Under the background of China and Russia promoting further cooperation between them from a strategic height, the economy and trade between China and Russia develop rapidly. Based on the world agricultural products and Sino-Russian agricultural trade data from 2001 to 2016, this paper analyzes the changes of agricultural products trade and commodity structure between China and Russia, and applies the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA),Trade Complementary Index (TCI) to analyze the competitiveness and complementarity of agricultural products trade between China and Russia. The results show that the agricultural products trade between China and Russia is complementary to resources and markets at the macro level, and at the micro level,the agricultural products trade between China and Russia is not only competitive and complementary, at the same time,the competitiveness and complementarity are comparatively strong. Finally, the main policies of promoting the development of agricultural trade between the two countries are put forward:first, to formulate and implement a road map for promoting agricultural trade; second,to strengthen infrastructure construction and promote trade facilitation; third, respectively formulating preferential policies to improve the international competitiveness of agricultural products with comparative advantages.