Abstract: Population mobility and migration is a typical phenomenon in the process of China's urbanization. This paper takes Anhui Province as the research object, through the inspection of Anhui Province Statistical Year book from analysis of the characteristics and causes of the floating population in Anhui Province, and verified the floating population in Anhui province and the economic development is the mutual influence. The key is to analyze demographic reasons and problems, and it put forward to optimize the population spatial layout, improve the integration of urban and rural social security system and the welfare of the population left behind, reform the rural land system to develop economic and other specific measures, to ensure the stable development of the floating population and the vital interests of the demands of the society, for the sustained and healthy development of the economy of Anhui province.