Abstract: Xundian County in Yunnan Province is located in the southwest mountainous area of China, with a large number of nationalities, complex terrain and fragile ecology, so the space for human habitable production is limited. This paper takes Xundian County as the main object of study, based on the relationship between population and cultivated land, discusses the relationship between population and cultivated land changes in Xundian County. Through the combination of quantitative research and qualitative analysis, this paper systematically analyzes the changing trend of human-land relationship in Xundian County, analyzes the factors that affect the change of human-land relationship in Xundian County, and puts forward the optimization strategy of human-land relationship in Xundian County. In order to provide practical reference and theoretical support for the rapid and healthy development of social economy in mountainous area of our country.