Abstract: Poverty theory suggests that poverty is caused by the deprivation of the basic ability of the poor.This paper is guided by Amartya Sen's theory of poverty which uses the data of 1 220 poor households in 20 poor villages in Bozhou City, and uses the multiple regression models to analyze the reasons of poverty that led to poor households. The study shows that the weaker individual capacity and family capacity of poor households are more likely to fall into poverty, and the capacity environment in which poor households live is low in poor households by influencing the basic capacity of poor households. The government's viable poverty alleviation policy will reduce the incidence of poverty. According to the research results, this paper proposes to strengthen the basic capacity of poor households to achieve poverty alleviation. Concrete measures are as follow:improve local capacity by strengthening rural infrastructure;strengthen the capacity of poor households by vigorously developing rural industries; improve government policy to help poor families out of poverty through the improvement of social and public service system to enhance the development of the poor and poor households who rely on personal ability to get rid of poverty.