Abstract: Under the background of population aging and dual structure of urban and rural areas,the phenomenon of left-behind elderly in rural areas of poverty in Guizhou Province is widespread, and the old people are faced with various problems in material and spiritual life. It selects 8 villages in Songtao county in Guizhou province to investigate the elders' lives through the questionnaires and interviews. Based on the Maslow's Needs-Hierarchy theory, it analyzes the elders' physiological needs, security needs, social needs, respect demand and self-realization needs. As the results, the elderly' physiological needs meet well, but there are some problems in safety, social contact, social respect and life experience level. Finally, it gives some advices.