Abstract: Against the background of digital rural construction, improving farmers’ digital literacy is of great significance for enhancing livelihood resilience and facilitating comprehensive rural revitalization. Based on field survey data of 367 rural households in Gansu Province, this paper employed the sustainable livelihood analytical framework, used the entropy method to calculate the comprehensive indices of livelihood resilience and digital literacy, and applied the OLS baseline regression model to reveal the impact of digital literacy on rural households’ livelihood resilience. The results showed that: (1) Digital literacy exerted a significant positive effect on farmers’ livelihood resilience, and this conclusion remained robust and reliable after placebo tests and quantile regression test. (2) The impact of digital literacy on livelihood resilience varied significantly across different farmer groups, with more prominent promotion effects for low-resilience farmers, high-income farmers, and those in regions with favorable external environmental conditions. Based on these findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations from five dimensions: hierarchical and targeted capacity training, remedying shortcomings in digital infrastructure, constructing a tailored training system for digital skills, improving supporting guarantee mechanisms, and implementing differentiated assistance. The findings provide micro empirical references for promoting the high-quality development of rural resilience in underdeveloped areas and continuously consolidating and expanding the achievements of poverty alleviation.