Abstract: Ecotourism is a crucial pathway for achieving green development and the goal of “strengthening the district and enriching the people” in Beijing’ s ecological conservation areas. This study analyzed the impacts of ecotourism on community economy and social culture from the perspective of residents based on survey data from communities in Beijing’ s ecological conservation areas. It explored the effects of community participation and the mediating role of perceived fairness in benefit distribution. The results indicated that residents generally expressed a positive evaluation of ecotourism. The perceptions of positive economic and social effects significantly outweighed those of negative ones. Community participation had a significant positive impact on positive economic and social and cultural effects, as well as on negative economic effects. However, it had no significant impact on negative social and cultural effects. Perceived fairness in benefit distribution played a significant mediating role in the influence of community participation on positive effects, whereas its mediating role in negative effects was not significant. The above findings suggested that deepening community participation and enhancing fairness in distribution were effective ways to improve residents’ positive perceptions. Recommendations included improving community participation mechanisms, optimizing benefit distribution systems, addressing negative developmental impacts, and broadening resident participation channels. It could promote the sustainable development of ecotourism in ecological conservation areas and achieve a win-win outcome for ecological preservation and community.