Abstract: Digital rural construction is a key engine for comprehensively advancing the rural revitalization strategy, and farmers’ digital literacy is the foundation for the sustainable development of digital villages. Based on panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2023, the mediation effect model and threshold effect model were applied to systematically examine the impact of digital rural construction on farmers’ digital literacy levels. The study found that digital rural construction significantly enhanced farmers’ digital literacy, with obvious regional heterogeneity and threshold effects. The promoting effect was strongest in the western region, followed by the central region, and weakest in the eastern region. When the digital village construction level exceeded the threshold value of 28.48%, the promoting effect was significantly enhanced. To fully leverage the empowering role of digital rural construction in improving farmers’ digital literacy and ensure that farmers truly “can use and make good use” of digital technologies, the following recommendations are proposed: First, conduct targeted training based on different categories and levels, offering differentiated training programs for farmers of varying ages and needs. Second, strengthen age-friendly adaptations of digital products, develop digital products tailored to rural scenarios, and simplify operational processes. Third, cultivate rural digital leaders in rural areas, select entrepreneurial talents and village cadres to create a radiating effect where “one-person learns, and many benefit”.