Abstract: This paper developed an analytical framework centered on “embedding into the agricultural science and technology innovation chain—guiding the efficient allocation of agricultural factors—promoting structural upgrading of agriculture,” and constructed a systematic theoretical structure spanning the micro, meso, and macro levels. It aimed to comprehensively elucidate the internal logic, long-term mechanisms, and pathway innovations through which policy-oriented finance empowers the development of new quality productive forces in agriculture. At the level of internal logic, adopting a lifecycle perspective of “basic research—technological development—achievement transformation—industrial application,” the study revealed the continuous and institutionalized support provided by policy-oriented finance to innovation activities in agricultural new quality productive forces. At the level of operational mechanisms, it focused on three key dimensions, capital supply, factor allocation, and risk governance, and proposed the establishment of a long-term policy finance mechanism capable of sustaining the evolution of agricultural technological innovation capacity and industrial upgrading. At the level of implementation pathways, it emphasized that through structural reconfiguration, organizational transformation, and the coordination of financial instruments, a systematic enhancement of both the functional system of policy-oriented finance and its service capacity for agricultural new quality productive forces could be achieved.