Abstract: By constructing the benchmark regression model, panel threshold model, and spatial Durbin model, this study deeply explored the impact of agricultural new quality productivity on China’ s high-quality agricultural development. The research findings were as follows: (1) Agricultural new quality productivity had a significant positive impact on high-quality agricultural development, and the impact was nonlinear, passing the single threshold test. (2) Among the three constituent dimensions of agricultural new quality productivity, the impact of new quality laborers was the most prominent. (3) The promotion effect of agricultural new quality productivity on high-quality agricultural development in non-major grain-producing areas was significantly stronger than that in major grain-producing areas. (4) Agricultural new quality productivity had a significant positive spatial spillover effect on high-quality agricultural development. On this basis, it is suggested to strengthen the promotion effect of agricultural new quality productivity on high-quality agricultural development through policies such as cultivating new quality laborers, implementing phased support, and establishing regional coordination mechanisms.