Abstract: Driven by the dual forces of the rural revitalization strategy and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas, modern comprehensive agricultural service centers have emerged as a core solution to bridge the gap between smallholders and modern agriculture. Through a literature review, this paper examines the research trends and publication volume related to modern comprehensive agricultural service centers, and summarizes the practical experiences of service models and construction features in several provinces. Based on the characteristics of Yunnan’ s mountainous agricultural landscape and the development needs of its distinctive highland agriculture, and guided by the rural revitalization strategy, this study analyzes the current construction status and prominent challenges facing Yunnan’ s modern comprehensive agricultural service centers, and proposes corresponding optimization pathways. These include establishing a ‘1+N+X’ functional positioning system; creating a diversified investment mechanism characterized by “government guidance, social participation, and market operation” ; and clarifying the roles of the three main stakeholders—government, enterprises, and farmers. Under this framework, the government provides public-interest services, while enterprises, guided by the government, enhance farmers’ economic returns through technical and marketing support, receiving reasonable benefits in return. The three parties cooperate to form a ‘community of shared interests’ , promoting the coordinated development of public-interest and commercial services.