Abstract: Digital countryside has the functions of innovation support, optimization of factor allocation, and innovation of production relations, and is a key lever and innovation carrier that meets the development needs of new quality agricultural productivity. Based on the national digital rural pilot policy as a natural experiment, the impact and mechanism of digital rural construction on agricultural new quality productivity were examined by constructing the PSM-DID model. The results showed the following (1) the establishment of the national digital rural pilot had significantly improved the new quality productivity of agriculture in the region, and with the increasing role of policy promotion year by year, the conclusion still held after robustness testing; (2) The productivity efficiency released by digital rural construction was still in its early stages, and “factor activation” was the key transmission path for digital rural construction to enhance the new quality productivity of agriculture. However, the role of industrial structure upgrading has not yet been demonstrated. Based on this, policies should be optimized from the aspects of improving the quality of national digital rural pilot construction, breaking through factor bottlenecks, overcoming institutional and technological bottlenecks, and promoting regional coordination, in order to achieve sustainable improvement of agricultural new quality productivity.