Abstract: To empirically examine the enabling effect, internal mechanisms, and regional disparities of agricultural new quality productivity on agricultural transformation and upgrading, this study utilized panel data from 30 provinces in China spanning 2014 to 2023. Evaluation indicator systems for both constructs were established, and a comprehensive empirical analysis was conducted by integrating the entropy method, the two-way fixed effects model, and the mediation effect model. The research findings indicated: (1) Agricultural new quality productivity exerted a significantly positive driving effect on agricultural transformation and upgrading, with a regression coefficient of 0.366 significant at the 1% level. This conclusion remained robust after addressing endogeneity and undergoing multiple robustness checks. (2) The enabling effect exhibited significant regional heterogeneity, displaying a gradient pattern of “Northeast (coefficient 1.745) > East (coefficient 0.319) > Central > West” and “South (coefficient 0.288) > North” . (3) Tests on mediation mechanisms indicated that technological innovation and agricultural green total factor productivity served as two critical transmission pathways, with Bootstrap tests confirming that both exerted significant partial mediating effects. The results confirmed that agricultural new quality productivity were a key driver promoting agricultural modernization transformation. Their enabling effect was realized through the dual pathways of “technology-green” and was moderated by regional foundational conditions. Accordingly, it is recommended to implement differentiated regional policies and strengthen the synergy between technological innovation and green transformation to comprehensively enhance the enabling efficiency.