Abstract: Against the backdrop of frequent external risk shocks and the in-depth advancement of the rural revitalization strategy, exploring the role of agricultural industrial agglomeration in the resilience of the agricultural economy is of great practical significance for enhancing the agricultural economy’ s ability to cope with shocks, safeguarding agricultural security, promoting high-quality agricultural development, and facilitating the construction of an agricultural power. Based on the panel data of 41 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2010 to 2023, this study empirically explores the mechanism of the effect of agricultural industrial agglomeration on the resilience of the agricultural economy by using the bidirectional fixed effect model, the mediating effect model and spatial econometric methods. The research results show that agricultural industrial agglomeration has a significant positive promoting effect on the resilience of the agricultural economy. The conclusion remains reliable after multiple robustness tests. The efficiency of agricultural technology constitutes the core transmission path for agricultural industrial agglomeration to promote the resilience of the agricultural economy, while the mediating transmission effect of agricultural technological progress is not significant. The impact of agricultural industrial agglomeration on the resilience of the agricultural economy has a significant positive spatial spillover effect. The local agricultural industrial agglomeration can drive the improvement of the resilience of the agricultural economy in neighboring areas. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the agglomeration promotion effect of non-agricultural large cities is stronger than that of agricultural large cities, and the agglomeration of agricultural industries at the intermediate stage has the strongest promoting effect on the resilience of the agricultural economy. To this end, it is necessary to optimize the layout of agricultural industrial agglomeration and the coordination of the industrial chain, focus on improving agricultural technological efficiency while taking into account long-term technological progress, strengthen spatial coordination to release spillover effects, and implement differentiated development strategies that are suitable for urban types and agglomeration stages, so as to enhance the resilience of the agricultural economy and contribute to the construction of an agricultural power.