Abstract: The accelerating aging of the population and the steady advancement of new urbanization in China are overlapping and interacting, posing more severe challenges to elderly care in rural areas than in urban areas. Systematically improving and optimizing the elderly care service system in rural areas of border regions, and effectively enhancing the sense of gain, happiness and security of rural elderly people, is an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality and leapfrog development in border ethnic areas, and also an important measure to create a new situation in Yunnan’ s development in the process of Chinese-style modernization. This paper took the elderly care service system in rural areas of Yunnan as the research object, based on the actual development of border areas, and relying on census data and field research materials, it analyzed the development trend of the elderly population in rural areas and the construction achievements of the existing elderly care service system. On the basis of thorough research, it deeply analyzed the prominent problems and practical challenges in policy supply, elderly care models, facility utilization efficiency, institutional operation mechanisms and professional talent support. Based on this, it put forward countermeasures and suggestions for Yunnan Province to strengthen the supply of inclusive elderly care services, optimize the efficiency of institutional resource allocation, stimulate the vitality of multiple subjects’ participation, and improve the level of professional services, providing practical references for the construction of elderly care service systems in rural areas of border regions in China.