Abstract: Using 2013–2022 panel data from China’ s major grain-producing regions, this study empirically examined how agricultural neo-quality productive forces affect grain production resilience and its mechanisms. Results showed that, agricultural neo-quality productive forced significantly enhance grain production resilience primarily through three channels: boosting agricultural labor efficiency, promoting agricultural industrial structure upgrading, and strengthening technological innovation. These effects were more pronounced in eastern/northeastern production regions and non-net grain-exporting provinces. It proposed deepening agricultural neo-quality productive forces development, leveraging synergies between labor productivity and technological innovation, and adopting multidimensional approaches to strengthen resilience—supporting national food security and agricultural powerhouse construction.