Abstract: In the context of rural revitalization and agricultural modernization, studying the mechanism by which agricultural new quality productivity affects farmers’ income growth, and revealing the mediating effect of rural industrial integration, is a key pathway to consolidating poverty alleviation results and promoting common prosperity. Based on the panel data of 31 provincial administrative units in my country in 2012-2022, a two-way fixed-effect model, a Bootstrap mediated regression model and a SEM structural equation model are used to systematically analyze the path of the integration of agricultural new quality productivity and rural industries on farmers’ income growth. The research results found that: (1) The positive impact of agricultural new quality productivity on farmers’ income levels is significant, and the conclusion remains stable after the control area and time fixed effects; (2) The integration of rural industries plays a partial intermediary role between agricultural new quality productivity and farmers’ income increase; (3) The income increase effect of agricultural new quality productivity in major grain production and sales areas is significant. Based on this, it is imperative to establish an agricultural science and technology innovation ecosystem, institutionalize sustainable mechanisms for tri-sector industrial convergence, and implement spatially differentiated development strategies, thereby providing a robust institutional framework to enhance farmers’ income growth through structural agricultural transformation.