Abstract: The agricultural new quality productivity is dominated by innovation, with the significant increase of agricultural total factor productivity as an important symbol, which has a specific function to promote rural common prosperity. Based on the background of the era proposed by the new quality productivity, this article explored the inherent logic of empowering rural common prosperity with agricultural new quality productivity. It analyzed the multiple challenges faced in specific practice, such as cultivating new quality agricultural talents, promoting agricultural technological innovation, reforming agricultural systems and mechanisms, and upgrading rural industries. Based on this, it proposed countermeasures and suggestions, such as using agricultural new quality talents to promote sustainable development of agricultural new quality productivity, using technological innovation to promote the improvement of agricultural total factor production efficiency, using institutional and mechanism innovation to release the vitality of rural common prosperity, and using rural industry revitalization to cultivate the driving force of rural common prosperity, in order to stimulate the potential of rural common prosperity and fully play the positive role of agricultural new quality productivity empowerment.