Abstract: Based on micro survey data from over 3800 farmers in 10 provinces and autonomous regions of China using the 2022 CRRS, this article used the Binary Probit method to empirically analyze the impact of rural collective economic development on farmers’ participation in rural construction. The benchmark regression results indicated that, the development of rural collective economy could significantly promote farmers’ participation in rural construction, and was significant at the 5% level. Heterogeneity analysis showed that, the age, education level, and type of farming of farmers all had a significant impact. Among them, farmers under the age of 55 with high school education or above engaged in non-agricultural employment had a significant effect on the development of the rural collective economy, at the 10%, 10%, and 5% levels, respectively. Mechanism analysis showed that, rural collective economy significantly enhanced farmers’ enthusiasm for participating in rural construction at the 1%, 5%, 10%, and 5% levels, respectively, by adopting a reasonable distribution of benefits, increasing non-agricultural income, improving living environment, and maintaining close relationships with the masses. In view of this, we should continue to develop and strengthen the rural collective economy, improve rural infrastructure construction, and strengthen the training of cadres’ abilities and qualities, in order to stimulate the endogenous power of farmers’ participation in rural construction, play the role of the “master” of rural construction, and help improve the quality and efficiency of rural revitalization.