Abstract: Promoting foreign direct investment in agriculture with high quality is an important starting point to achieve the goal of strengthening agriculture. The official entry into force of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) brings opportunities and challenges for China to promote high-quality agricultural outward direct investment. Therefore, this paper systematically explored the theoretical logic, practical dilemma and solution path of agricultural Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) enabling the construction of agricultural powerhouse under the background of RCEP. The findings were as follows: (1) Agricultural OFDI could contribute to the construction of an agricultural powerhouse by integrating global agricultural resource elements, deeply participating in the global agricultural industry chain, and promoting agricultural scientific and technological innovation. (2) China’ s agricultural investment in RCEP member countries faced practical difficulties such as insufficient overall scale, single investment links, too concentrated investment regions and industries, and insufficient release of investment vitality of private enterprises, which restricted the construction of an agricultural powerhouse. In view of this, it was suggested to intensified efforts in seven sectors, including efficiently aligning RCEP agricultural investment rules, optimizing the layout of agricultural OFDI, boosting the strength of agricultural OFDI entities, releasing the reverse technology spillover effect of agricultural OFDI, promoting green agricultural OFDI, cementing the risk prevention and control network of agricultural OFDI, and improving the safeguard measures of agricultural OFDI, finally so as to seize the new opportunities of RCEP, promote the high-quality development of agricultural outbound investment, and facilitate building up an agricultural powerhouse.