Abstract: The issue of food concerns the national economy and people’ s livelihood, and to ensure effective food supply and basic price stability, it is imperative to strengthen the resilience of the food supply chain. Based on panel data from 30 provinces, autonomous and regions in China from 2012 to 2022, this study delved into the impact of new quality productivity on the resilience of the food supply chain. The research indicated a significant positive correlation between new quality productivity and food supply chain resilience. The mediation effect test results showed that, promoting agricultural technological progress was a key pathway through which new quality productivity enhanced food supply chain resilience. Heterogeneity analysis revealed that, the empowering effect of new quality productivity on food supply chain resilience was more pronounced in major grain-producing regions compared to non-major grain-producing regions. Therefore, it was crucial to emphasize the important role of new quality productivity in enhancing food supply chain resilience, promote the development of new quality productivity, and continuously strengthen the stability, security, resilience, and synergy of the food supply chain, further enhancing the ability to ensure stable food supply and prices.