Abstract: Based on the survey data of 1034 households lifted out of poverty in large-scale relocation resettlement for poverty alleviation in Liangshan Yi District, this paper empirically analyzed the influence of human capital on vulnerability to poverty eradication and its mechanism. The results showed that: some of the households that were lifted out of poverty were relatively vulnerable, but were able to hold the line on not returning to poverty on a large scale; human capital had a significant negative effect on vulnerability to poverty eradication, and its conclusion still held after the introduction of instrumental variables, which remain robust when tested using the dependent variable substitution method; the role of human capital in vulnerability to poverty eradication did not differ by type of settlement, but there were differences in household income; Livelihood models played a mediating role in the impact of human capital on vulnerability to poverty eradication. Therefore, it was recommended that high priority should be given to households at high risk of vulnerability to poverty eradication, that the enhancement of the human capital of households at high risk of poverty eradication should be continuously strengthened, and that the transformation of the livelihood model of households at high risk of poverty eradication should be innovatively promoted.