Abstract: Based on the survey data of 1034 households lifted out of poverty in large-scale relocation resettlement for poverty alleviation in Liangshan Yi District, the paper empirically-analyzes the influence of human capital on vulnerability to poverty eradication and its mechanism. The results show that: some of the households that were lifted out of poverty were relatively vulnerable, but were able to hold the line on not returning to poverty on a large scale; human capital has a significant negative effect on vulnerability to poverty eradication, and its conclusion still hold after the introduction of instrumental variables, which remain robust when tested using the dependent variable substitution method; the role of human capital in vulnerability to poverty eradication does not differ by type of settlement, but there are differences in household income; Livelihood models play a mediating role in the impact of human capital on vulnerability to poverty eradication. Therefore, it is recommended that high priority be given to households at high risk of vulnerability to poverty eradication, that the enhancement of the human capital of households at high risk of poverty eradication be continuously strengthened, and that the transformation of the livelihood model of households at high risk of poverty eradication be innovatively promoted.