Abstract: Straw returning technology with intertemporal attributes is an important measure to promote the green development of agriculture areas in China. The internal factors, connecting factors and external factors that affect the adoption behavior of farmers’ straw returning technology were incorporated into the same analysis framework. Based on the survey data of 245 farmers in the central and eastern part of Gansu Province, the logistic model was used to determine the factors affecting the adoption behavior of straw returning technology. The main influencing factors, and then the ISM model was used to deeply analyze the logical relationship and hierarchical structure of each influencing factor. The research showed that: (1) There were 18 variables in the analysis framework of farmers’ straw returning technology adoption behavior influencing factors that had a significant impact on farmers’ adoption behavior; (2) The age of the head of the household, education level, whether it was located in the demonstration area, and whether to participate in technical training were important factors. The underlying root factors; the ability to obtain information, whether to join the cooperative, the scale of operation, the government’ s straw burning ban and subsidy policies were the indirect factors at the middle level; the level of farmers’ technical cognition, the level of part-time jobs, the per capita annual income of the family and the duration of land rights were the direct factors at the surface. Based on this, countermeasures and suggestions were put forward in terms of actively cultivating new professional farmers, improving agricultural technology extension system, stabilizing land management rights, expanding farmers’ information collection channels, and vigorously developing “three products and one standard” agricultural products.