Abstract: New quality productivity which is led by innovation provide fresh impetus for farmers to increase their incomes. This study empirically analyzed the impact of new quality productivity on farmers’ income using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2014 to 2022. The findings revealed that, the development of new quality productivity in China had increased the income of rural residents. New quality productivity had a significant effect on increasing farmers’ income, and the conclusion had strong robustness. The mechanisms through which new quality productive forces enhanced farmers’ income include increasing non-agricultural employment and promoting agricultural innovation. Additionally, the impact of new quality productivity on the income of farmers had a spatial effect, which could increase the income of farmers in this region as well as in other regions. Based on the research conclusions, corresponding policy recommendations were proposed from three aspects: enhancing farmers’ non-agricultural employment capacity, strengthening agricultural innovation, and leveraging the spatial spillover effects of new quality productivity to increase income. The aim was to leverage the income-increasing effect of new quality productive forces and to raise the income level of rural residents.