Abstract: Based on 715 survey data from farmers in Feixi County, Anhui Province, this article used the Heckman two-stage model to analyze the impact of government response, rural elites, the sense of village belonging and other factors on farmers’ willingness to pay for environmental improvement, so as to provide reference for establishing a reasonable payment model for farmers’ environmental improvement funds. The results showed that: (1) 75.8% of surveyed farmers were willing to pay for environmental improvement, and the level of willing payment was between 33.72 yuan / month and 44.48 yuan / month per household. (2) Factors such as government response and rural elites had a significant impact on farmers’ decision whether they were willing to pay. For every unit optimized by government response, the probability of farmers willing to pay for environmental improvement increased by 5%. For every unit strengthened by the rural elite function, the probability of farmers willing to pay for environmental improvement increased by 5.6%. (3) Factors such as rural elites and the sense of village belonging also had a significant positive impact on the payment level of farmers who were willing to pay. Therefore, in order to improve farmers’ willingness and level of payment for environmental improvement, it was necessary to dredge the communication channels between the government and the public, and shape a responsive government image; Optimize the service environment for rural elites, mobilize the appeal and coordination role of rural elites to participate in environmental improvement; Carry out the construction of social civility in rural areas , enhance the sense of village belonging of farmers, and promote them to play a leading role in environmental improvement.