Abstract: Based on the new development concept, an evaluation index system of high-quality agricultural development was constructed from five dimensions: progress of agricultural science and technology, improvement of agricultural quality and efficiency, green development of agriculture, opening up of agriculture to the outside world, and improvement of farmers’ life. Entropy method, natural breakpoint method and Dagum Gini coefficient were used to measure the high-quality agricultural development level of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2010 to 2022. The results showed that: From the perspective of time sequence changes, the level of high-quality agricultural development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt increased steadily from 2010 to 2022, but the growth rate was different in different provinces and cities; From the perspective of spatial gap, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt were far ahead, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Economic Belt accelerated the catch-up, and the upper reaches continued to follow up. The development of high-quality agriculture showed a trend of spatial expansion, and the center of gravity gradually shifted toward the upper and middle reaches. However, the phenomenon of regional imbalance was becoming increasingly prominent, which was the main source of the difference in high-quality agricultural development. From the perspective of five dimensions, each region had different advantages and shortcomings, and each dimension of high-quality agricultural development had greater room for improvement in all regions. Based on regional comparative advantages, the authors put forward countermeasures and suggestions for promoting the high-quality agricultural development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.