Abstract: Village affairs supervision is a key link in the modernization of rural grassroots governance, and also the value embodiment of grassroots democratic politics. There is insufficient attention paid to the effective operation process and mechanism of village affairs supervision in existing research, and a lack of systematic analytical perspectives. The AGIL model advocates improving the effectiveness of the system through the implementation of four functions: adaptation, goal achievement, integration, and potential pattern maintenance, bringing new perspectives and ideas to answer the above questions. At the practical level, the pioneering site of the village affairs supervision committee, Houchen Village, Wuyi County, Zhejiang Province was selected as the case study object. Through in-depth examination of the Houchen experience, it was found that, the effective operation of village affairs supervision followed the following mechanisms and logic: adaptive function (A) was exerted through the injection and empowerment of organizational legitimacy; The goal achievement function (G) relied on the stimulation and mobilization of the vitality of the supervisory body to achieve; Integration function (I) referred to strengthening through the establishment and improvement of a closed-loop supervision system; The maintenance function of latent patterns (L) was improved through the construction and formation of political and cultural identity.