Abstract: Agricultural modernization is an important strategic deployment, and digital economy is the inevitable choice of agricultural modernization. This paper took the provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020 as the research object, and constructed a digital comprehensive development evaluation system from nine secondary indexes in four dimensions, digital infrastructure, digital industry development, digital inclusive finance and digital innovation development. The comprehensive evaluation index system of agricultural modernization was constructed from 16 secondary indexes from four dimensions of agricultural production, output, management and governance. Based on the literature, this paper made theoretical analysis from multiple dimensions such as digital economy enabling agricultural production mode and production efficiency, calculated the comprehensive development level of digital economy and agricultural modernization in each province and city by using entropy weight method, and empirically tested that digital economy had an obvious promoting effect on agricultural modernization by using panel data model. It was found that the marginal promoting effect of digital infrastructure on agricultural modernization development was the largest, followed by digital innovation development and digital inclusive finance. The marginal effect of digital industry development on agricultural modernization development was relatively least significant.