Abstract: Absolute poverty and relative poverty are definitions of the concept of poverty, and there are both similarities and clear differences between the two. Compared with the income and survival considerations of absolute poverty, relative poverty pays more attention to the lack of ability and deprivation of rights in poverty. Understanding the threefold logic of eliminating absolute poverty and reducing relative poverty will help sort out the changes in anti-poverty policies, absorb the experience of governance during the period of absolute poverty, and grasp the key points of anti-poverty in the future. China’ s anti-poverty has gone through the process of “preservation” and “subsidy” to “support” and “touch” policies to eliminate absolute poverty. Combined with Maslow’ s demand theory, Amartyasen’ s ability center theory and the guidance of Marxism, this paper deeply analyzed the causes of poverty and continues the theoretical guidance framework. After the historic achievement of eradicating absolute poverty, the problem of relative poverty had gradually become serious. In the future, anti-poverty work needs to absorb the historical experience of anti-poverty on the basis of eliminating absolute poverty, innovate anti-poverty theory, and guide the practice of reducing relative poverty. Combine the control of relative poverty with the control of relative poverty, gradually reduce the relative poverty between regions and urban and rural areas across the country, and gradually achieve common prosperity.