Abstract: Based on the data from the 2022 Sichuan household survey, this paper measured and estimated the situation of the low-income rural population in Sichuan, and analyzed the influencing factors of the low-income rural population using a binary logistic regression model. The results showed that, (1) According to the standard of policy practice, the proportion of low-income rural population in Sichuan Province in 2021 was 8.76%, about 4.91 million people; according to academic research level standards, the proportion of low-income rural population in Sichuan Province in 2021 was 15.46%, about 8.67 million people. (2) The human capital, material capital, financial capital, and social capital in the livelihood capital of farmers had significant negative impacts on the low-income population of farmers, but the natural capital in the livelihood capital had no significant negative impact. It was recommended to establish a normalized assistance mechanism based on the principle of “what is lacking, what is being supplemented, and what is being strengthened” , and promoted the endogenous motivation of low-income populations by improving the level of human capital, natural capital, physical capital, financial capital, and social capital.