Abstract: Based on the survey data of 9 560 farmers in China in 2017, this paper explored the impact of the aging of agricultural labor force (AALF) on the proportion of grain planting, grain yield, land scale, land transfer and agricultural inputs. The results showed that, The AALF had a negative impact on the proportion of grain planting in the early stage, but had no significant impact in the late stage. The AALF had no significant impact on grain yield at the initial stage, but with the deepening of aging, it begined to show a negative impact on grain yield. The AALF had a negative impact on the scale of grain planting, and the effect increased with the deepening of aging. The AALF had a positive impact on land transfer out and a negative impact on land transfer in. The AALF had a negative impact on agricultural inputs, and the effect increased with the deepening of aging. The government can mitigate the adverse impact of the AALF on grain production by improving the grain production support policy, promoting the connection between farmers and modern agriculture, improving the rural pension and social security system, promoting land transfer and strengthening agricultural technical services.