Abstract: Rural entrepreneurs could improve their entrepreneurial performance via entrepreneurial learning and prior experience. Based on learning theory and socioemotional wealth, this study adopted the survey data of 743 family farmers to testify the mechanisms of entrepreneurial learning, socioemotional wealth, and entrepreneurial well-being, and discussed the moderating effect of prior experience. The results show that: First, both exploitative entrepreneurial learning and exploratory entrepreneurial learning can improve entrepreneurial well-being. Second, both the dual types of entrepreneurial learning can enhance the socioemotional wealth of rural entrepreneurs. Third, socioemotional wealth has a mediating effect on entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial well-being, socioemotional wealth has a more significant mediating effect on exploitative entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial well-being than exploratory entrepreneurial learning. Fourth, prior experience moderates the relationship between exploratory entrepreneurial learning and socioemotional wealth negatively, and positively moderates the relationship between socioemotional wealth and entrepreneurial well-being. This study also has some practical implications for rural entrepreneurship referring to previous conclusions.