Abstract: This paper discusses the influence mechanism of population structure aging, urbanization and higher education transformation on the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, and makes an econometric analysis based on the dynamic panel data model. The results show that although the urbanization of population may theoretically lead to the “de grain” of agricultural planting structure, the urbanization of population increases the planting area of grain crops due to the limitation of agricultural management subject structure and farmers’ part-time operation. The aging population will promote the “grain-orientationt” of agricultural planting structure, and the population with higher education will inhibit the “grain-orientationt” of agricultural planting structure.