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枫香黑色素提取工艺优化及其对糯米的染色特性研究

弘子姗, 王君毅, 刘俊佑, 龚加顺

弘子姗, 王君毅, 刘俊佑, 等. 枫香黑色素提取工艺优化及其对糯米的染色特性研究[J]. 云南农业大学学报(自然科学), 2021, 36(6): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202004012
引用本文: 弘子姗, 王君毅, 刘俊佑, 等. 枫香黑色素提取工艺优化及其对糯米的染色特性研究[J]. 云南农业大学学报(自然科学), 2021, 36(6): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202004012
Zishan HONG, Junyi WANG, Junyou LIU, et al. Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Melanin from Liquidambar formosana Hance and Its Dyeing Characteristic on Glutinous Rice[J]. JOURNAL OF YUNNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY(Natural Science), 2021, 36(6): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202004012
Citation: Zishan HONG, Junyi WANG, Junyou LIU, et al. Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Melanin from Liquidambar formosana Hance and Its Dyeing Characteristic on Glutinous Rice[J]. JOURNAL OF YUNNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY(Natural Science), 2021, 36(6): 1028-1036. DOI: 10.12101/j.issn.1004-390X(n).202004012

枫香黑色素提取工艺优化及其对糯米的染色特性研究

基金项目: “十三五”国家重点研发计划子课题 (2018YFD0400103-5)。
详细信息
    作者简介:

    弘子姗(1995—),女,广东惠州人,在读博士研究生,主要从事食品化学与营养代谢研究。E-mail:15287190113@163.com

    通信作者:

    龚加顺(1971—),男,云南曲靖人,博士,教授,主要从事食品科学与茶叶化学研究。E-mail:gong199@163.com

  • 中图分类号: TS 201.1; TS 201.2

摘要:
目的优化枫香黑色素的提取工艺,对其染色糯米的表观性能、感官品质及抗氧化活性进行研究。
方法以云南产的枫香为原料,通过单因素和响应面优化设计,对枫香黑色素提取工艺进行优化;用枫香黑色素对糯米进行染色,探讨糯米染色后的感官品质、抗氧化活性及微观结构的变化。
结果枫香黑色素的最佳提取工艺为提取温度70 ℃、提取时间6 h、料液比1∶50 (g/mL)。抗氧化研究表明:枫香黑色素具有较强的抗氧化活性,糯米染色后抗氧化活性极显著升高 (P<0.001);但染色糯米饭的感官评分显著低于白糯米饭(P<0.05)。扫描电子显微镜 (scanning electron microscope,SEM)分析表明:淀粉粒与色素发生相互作用,导致淀粉粒形态改变,尺寸增大,染色后糯米糊化度降低。
结论本研究为枫香开发利用和功能性彩色米的产业化生产奠定了基础。

 

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Melanin from Liquidambar formosana Hance and Its Dyeing Characteristic on Glutinous Rice

Abstract:
PurposeTo optimize the extraction process of melanin from Liquidambar formosana Hance, and to study the apparent performance, sensory quality and antioxidant activity of dyed glutinous rice.
MethodThe melanin from L. formosana from Yunnan was optimized by one-factor-at-a-time method and response surface methodology, the melanin was used to dye glutinous rice, and the sensory quality, antioxidant activity and microstructure changes after dyeing were discussed.
ResultsThe best conditions were as follows: the extraction temperature was 70 ℃, the extraction time was 6 hours, the ratio of solid to liquid was 1∶50 (g/mL). Antioxidant studies showed that melanin had strong antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant activity of glutinous rice was extremely significantly increased after dyeing (P<0.001). However, the sensory score of dyed glutinous rice was significantly lower than that of white glutinous rice (P<0.05). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results showed that the starch grains interact with melanin, resulting in an obvious increase in the size of starch grains, the changes of morphological. Meanwhile the gelatinization degree of dyed glutinous rice was lower than that of undyed glutinous rice.
ConclusionThis study laid a foundation for the development and utilization of the L. formosana and the industrialization of functional color rice.

 

  • 青稞(Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook.f.)又称裸大麦,是禾本科大麦属禾谷类作物[1]。有些青稞品种籽粒呈紫黑色,含有丰富的花青素,还含有丰富的膳食纤维和β-葡聚糖[2-4],使青稞不仅在食用方面有着良好的营养价值,在医疗保健方面同样具有一定的作用。因此,青稞籽粒常用于加工成各种保健食品。

    由于青藏高原的环境条件比较恶劣,很多作物都无法适应和生长,但青稞却表现出突出的抗逆能力,成为当地植物适应性进化的典型代表[5]。在西藏和云南省迪庆州等青稞生产区,其生长期虽然雨水较多,但播种期大多处于旱季,土壤缺水容易造成出苗率低和出苗不整齐等情况,造成青稞种子的浪费。为了提高青稞种子的出苗率和整齐度,播种前进行种子引发是抵御播种期土壤干旱的重要措施。种子引发又称渗透调节,是将种子浸泡于较高渗透势溶液中,使种子在吸胀过程中减缓吸水速率,促使种子在萌发前充分完成各种修复与活化,有利于播种后快速整齐出苗[6-9]。种子引发除了能提高种子萌发速率和田间整齐度外,还能提高作物的抗盐能力[10]、抗逆性及抗病性[11]。本研究选用6个青稞品系,采用不同质量浓度的食盐溶液和不同引发处理时间,对青稞种子进行引发处理和发芽试验,测定苗长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数等发芽特性,筛选出适于青稞种子引发的最佳食盐质量浓度和引发时间,提高青稞种子发芽速率和整齐度,保证出苗齐全,为高产栽培奠定基础。

    选用云南农业大学新近选育的滇青1号、2015-129、2015-130、2015-132、2015-137和2015-138共6个青稞品系进行研究。

    采用青稞品种、食盐溶液质量浓度和引发时间3因素完全随机试验设计。试验时,每个处理取种子100粒,置于25 mL的具塞试管中,分别加入0 (清水,CK)、0.025、0.050、0.075和0.100 g/mL食盐溶液10 mL,加塞密封。各质量浓度处理在15 ℃下分别浸泡1、2、3、4、5和6 h进行引发,重复3次。引发结束后,用清水将种子表面的食盐溶液冲洗干净备用。

    将经过引发的种子置于垫有2层经高温消毒吸水纸的发芽盒中进行标准发芽试验,测定种子发芽特性[12]。从发芽试验的第2天开始,每天统计已发芽的全部种子数,连续统计7 d。以胚根与种子等长、胚芽长到种子长度一半为标准判断种子是否发芽,到第7天发芽试验结束时测定平均苗长[13]。然后根据统计结果计算发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,计算公式[14-15]如下:

    发芽势(GP)=(发芽试验第4天正常发芽种子数/供试种子总数)×100%;

    发芽率(GR)= (发芽试验第7天正常发芽种子数/供试种子总数)×100%;

    发芽指数(GI)=∑(Gt/Dt);

    活力指数(GVI)=GI×S

    式中,Gt为每天发芽种子数;Dt为对应发芽时间;S为幼苗发芽试验结束时幼苗的平均长度。

    采用Excel 2016和SPSS 17.0分别对青稞的苗长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数进行多元方差分析和多重比较(Duncan’s法)分析。

    表1可知:品系间、质量浓度间、引发时间之间,以及品系和引发时间互作对苗长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均有极显著的影响,说明本研究设计合理,设置的质量浓度梯度和引发时间有效,可进行进一步统计分析。

    表  1  青稞种子发芽特性方差F值分析
    Table  1.  The F value of analysis of variance of the germination characteristics of hulless barley
    项目 item      苗长/cm
    seedling length
    发芽势/%
    germination potential
    发芽率/%
    germination rate
    发芽指数
    germination index
    活力指数
    vigor index
    品系间 among the lines849.55**83.57**83.12**219.37**453.40**
    质量浓度间 among the mass concentrations1 155.96**87.29**66.71**81.63**750.58**
    引发时间间 among the priming time41.26**24.78**24.69**26.82**39.52**
    品系×质量浓度 lines × mass concentrations0.060.231.270.281.47
    品系×引发时间 lines × priming time12.73**9.76**10.62**10.39**6.48**
    质量浓度×引发时间
    mass concentrations × priming time
    0.011.471.220.880.67
    品系×质量浓度×引发时间
    lines × mass concentrations × priming time
    0.020.210.410.200.15
    注:“*”和“**”分别表示0.05和0.01显著水平。
    Note: “*” and “**” show the significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    表2可知:不同质量浓度的食盐溶液对不同品系青稞种子的引发效果不尽相同。滇青1号和2015-132的活力指数极显著高于其他品系,且2015-132的发芽势、发芽率和发芽指数均极显著高于其他品系(P<0.01);2015-137的苗长极显著高于其他品系(P<0.01);2015-129的苗长、发芽势、发芽率和活力指数均处于最低水平,明显低于其他青稞品系,说明该品系进行引发处理后发芽情况较差。

    表  2  食盐溶液对不同青稞品系种子发芽特性的影响
    Table  2.  Effects of salt solution on the seed germination characteristics of different hulless barley varieties (lines)
    品系
    lines
    苗长/cm
    seedling length
    发芽势/%
    germination potential
    发芽率/%
    germination rate
    发芽指数
    germination index
    活力指数
    vigor index
    滇青1号 Dianqing No.113.83 bB86.38 cC90.44 bB66.55 bB927.04 aA
    2015-1299.75 eE79.69 fE83.73 eE58.12 dD571.99 eE
    2015-1309.64 eE84.22 dD88.24 cC63.70 cC618.79 dD
    2015-13211.87 dD93.42 aA96.29 aA74.64 aA892.42 bB
    2015-13714.37 aA82.73 eD86.31 dD57.74 dD834.55 cC
    2015-13812.57 cC88.69 bB91.67 bB67.06 bB847.00 cC
    注:同一列不同大小写字母分别表示在0.01和0.05水平上差异显著;下同。
    Note: The different capital and lowercase letters in the same column indicate a significant difference on 0.01 and 0.05 levels, respectively; the same as below.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    表3可知:采用0.025 g/mL食盐溶液引发的青稞种子,其苗长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数都极显著高于其他处理(P<0.01),而0.050、0.075和0.100 g/mL食盐溶液处理后的青稞种子各项指标随着食盐溶液质量浓度的增大明显下降。0.050 g/mL食盐溶液引发的种子,其发芽率与对照无显著差异,但发芽势和发芽指数显著高于对照,苗长和活力指数均极显著低于对照。0.075和0.100 g/mL食盐溶液引发的青稞种子,其所有发芽特性均极显著低于对照(P<0.01)。可见,0.025 g/mL的食盐溶液对青稞种子的引发效果最好。

    表  3  不同食盐溶液质量浓度(ρ)对青稞种子发芽特性的影响
    Table  3.  Effect of salt solution of different mass concentrations (ρ) on the seed germination of hulless barley
    ρ/(g·mL−1)苗长/cm
    seedling length
    发芽势/%
    germination potential
    发芽率/%
    germination rate
    发芽指数
    germination index
    活力指数
    vigor index
    013.48 bB87.15 cB90.20 bB65.36 cB881.81 bB
    0.02513.98 aA90.81 aA94.81 aA68.87 aA963.43 aA
    0.05012.78 cC88.74 bB89.91 bB66.65 bB852.72 cC
    0.07510.98 dD82.78 dC86.65 cC62.36 dC685.24 dD
    0.1008.78 eE79.80 eD85.67 cC59.94 eD526.63 eE
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    表4可知:用食盐溶液引发青稞种子3 h时,活力指数极显著高于其他处理(P<0.01);引发3 h的苗长显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);引发3 h的发芽指数虽然与引发2 h的效果差异不显著,但两者的发芽指数均显著高于其他处理;引发3 h的发芽势和发芽率虽然与引发1和2 h的效果没有显著差异,但均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。由此可知,用食盐溶液引发3 h可明显提高青稞种子的发芽特性。

    表  4  食盐溶液引发时间对青稞种子发芽特性的影响
    Table  4.  Effect of salt solution of priming time on the seed germination of hulless barley
    引发时间/h
    priming time
    苗长/cm
    seedling length
    发芽势/%
    germination potential
    发芽率/%
    germination rate
    发芽指数
    germination index
    活力指数
    vigor index
    111.87 cB87.89 abA91.62 aA63.99 bB761.35 cC
    211.89 cB87.36 abA90.58 abAB67.23 aA802.03 bB
    312.60 aA88.36 aA91.80 aA66.66 aA850.62 aA
    411.95 cB86.38 bA89.49 bB61.00 cC736.32 dC
    512.38 bA82.60 cB85.91 dC64.47 bB800.70 bB
    611.34 dC82.56 cB87.29 cC64.46 bB740.79 dC
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    种子引发可有效改善种子活力,提高种子成苗率和幼苗健壮度[16]。尤其在播种期遇到土壤干旱时,通过种子引发可有效提高种子的发芽率和发芽速度,保证出苗齐全。不同引发方法的效果存在明显差异[17]。种子引发后,由于吸收了一定量的水分,种子耐藏能力下降,寿命变短,还会出现种子发霉和变质等问题[18-19],大规模推广时会带来一定的难度[20-21]。因此,通过系统研究分析现有引发技术中存在的缺陷,找出有效的解决办法和技术措施,已成为种子引发技术研究的当务之急[22]

    本研究表明:利用食盐溶液对青稞种子进行引发,对苗长、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数等发芽特性有明显影响。许多研究也证明了种子引发在一定程度上可提高各类作物的发芽率及成活率,进而提高作物产量[13, 23-25]。用食盐溶液对青稞种子引发处理后,不同品系对溶液质量浓度和引发时间的响应不尽相同,说明品种间存在一定的差异。研究结果还显示:用于引发的食盐溶液质量浓度不宜过高,引发时间也不宜过长。因此,选用食盐溶液进行引发时,选取最佳的引发时间和引发质量浓度就尤为重要。本研究通过综合比较分析,发现0.025 g/mL的食盐溶液对青稞种子进行3 h的引发效果最好。因此,采用食盐溶液引发青稞种子时不必过早,处理种子也不宜过多,只需要在播种前3 h进行处理,经过引发处理的种子能够当天播种完毕即可,不宜存放。

    本研究采用食盐溶液对青稞种子进行引发,是因为食盐价格低廉,溶液配置简便,方法简单易行,便于操作,适合广大种植户采用。此外,西藏和云南迪庆州等地区虽然在青稞生长季有较多的雨水,但在青稞的播种期,这些地区大多处于旱季,因此本研究成果特别适合在青稞播种期土壤较为干旱的地区应用和推广,以提高青稞出苗的速度和整齐度,降低播种成本,提高播种效果,形成健壮幼苗,使青稞有效度过干旱的播种季,对青稞播种实践具有一定的指导意义。

  • 图  1   不同提取条件对色素提取效果的影响

    注:不同字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。

    Figure  1.   Effect of extraction factors on the yield of pigments

    Note: Different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05).

    图  2   各两因素交互作用对色素提取率的响应面

    注:a)、c)和e)为各两因素交互作用对色素提取率的等高线图,图上数值为OD270 nm;b)、d)和f)为各两因素交互作用对色素提取率的三维响应面图。

    Figure  2.   The response surface interaction of various factors to the yield of pigments

    Note: a), c) and e) are contour plots of the interaction of the two factors on the extraction rate of pigment, and the data on the contour plots are OD270nm; b), d) and f) are three-dimensional response surface curve of the interaction of the two factors on the extraction rate of pigment.

    图  3   样品的抗氧化活性

    注: “*”表示不同组之间不同时间段与初始时间(0 h)之间的差异性 (*P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001,****P<0.000 1)。

    Figure  3.   Antioxidant activity of samples

    Note: “*” in the figure indicates the difference between different time and the initial time in each group (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.000 1).

    图  4   枫香黑色素颗粒微观结构(10 000×)

    Figure  4.   Microstructure of melanin from Liquidambar formosana

    图  5   染色前后生糯米胚乳细胞表面微观结构

    注:a) 未染色糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (200×);b) 未染色糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (5 000×);c) 染色糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (200×);d) 染色糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (5 000×)。

    Figure  5.   Microstructure of albuminous cells of raw glutinous rice before and after dyeing

    Note: a) microstructure of albuminous cells of undyed rice (200×); b) microstructure of albuminous cells of undyed rice (5 000×); c) microstructure of albuminous cells of dyeing rice (200×); d) microstructure of albuminous cells of dyeing rice (5 000×).

    图  6   染色前后糊化糯米胚乳细胞表面微观结构

    注:a) 未染色糊化糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (200×);b)未染色糊化糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (5 000×);c) 染色糊化糯米胚乳细胞微观结构 (200×);d) 染色糊化糯米胚乳细胞微观结构(5 000×)。

    Figure  6.   Microstructure of albuminous cells of gelatinized glutinous rice before and after dyeing

    Note: a) microstructure of albuminous cells of gelatinized undyed rice (200×); b) microstructure of albuminous cells of gelatinized undyed rice (5 000×); c) microstructure of albuminous cells of gelatinized dyeing rice (200×); d) microstructure of albuminous cells of gelatinized dyeing rice (5 000×).

    表  1   响应面试验因素与水平设计

    Table  1   Independent variables and their levels used in response surface analysis

    水平
    level
    ABC
    提取时间/h
    extraction time
    提取温度/℃
    extraction temperature
    料液比/(g·mL−1)
    solid-liquid ratio
    −15501∶30
    06601∶40
    17701∶50
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   响应面分析结果

    Table  2   Experimental design and results of response surface analysis

    编号
    No.
    提取时间/h
    extraction time
    提取温度/℃
    extraction temperature
    料液比/(g·mL−1)
    solid-liquid ratio
    OD270 nm
    16701∶500.760
    25601∶500.734
    36601∶400.703
    47601∶300.708
    57701∶400.671
    66601∶400.722
    76601∶400.712
    85601∶300.716
    96601∶400.712
    105701∶400.679
    116501∶500.709
    127601∶500.685
    136701∶300.732
    146601∶400.711
    157501∶400.636
    165501∶400.668
    176501∶300.764
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   枫香黑色素提取效果回归模型方差分析表

    Table  3   Analysis of variance analysis of degree of the effect of pigments

    来源
    source
    平方和
    sum of squares
    自由度
    df
    均方
    mean square
    F
    F-value
    P
    P-value
    显著性
    significant
    模型 model0.016 50 90.001 83435.628 151< 0.000 1**
    X10.001 19 10.001 19423.199 8710.001 9**
    X20.000 50 10.000 5049.783 4390.016 7*
    X30.000 13 10.000 1282.492 3230.158 4
    X1X20.000 15 10.000 1502.923 7700.131 0
    X1X30.000 40 10.000 4037.824 2120.026 6*
    X2X30.001 71 10.001 70833.196 4000.000 7**
    X120.006 63 10.006 630128.832 243< 0.000 1**
    X220.000 36 10.000 3627.036 8180.032 8*
    X320.006 05 10.006 046117.471 641< 0.000 1**
    残差 residual0.000 36 70.000 051
    失拟项 lack of fit0.000 18 30.000 0601.310 7950.386 9ns
    纯误差 pure error0.000 18 40.000 045
    总方差 total variance0.016 8616
    注:“*”表示差异显著,P<0.05;“**”表示差异极显著,P<0.01;ns. 无显著差异。
    Note: “*” indicates significant difference, P<0.05; “**” indicates extremely significant difference, P<0.01; ns. no significant difference.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   米饭感官评定结果

    Table  4   Results of sensory evaluation for rice

    感官评价指标
    index of sensory evaluation
    白米饭
    glutinous rice
    染色米饭
    dyeing rice
    气味 flavor17.82±0.60 a13.64±1.50 b
    颜色 color12.00±1.48 a11.18±1.72 a
    光泽 luster7.09±0.70 a7.09±0.54 a
    完整性 integrity6.36±0.50 a6.18±0.60 a
    粘性 viscosity6.73±1.01 a5.73±1.01 b
    弹性 springiness6.55±0.69 a5.55±0.69 b
    软硬度 hardness4.91±1.50 a5.91±1.04 a
    滋味 taste16.45±1.29 a11.82±1.94 b
    冷饭质地 texture of cold cooked rice3.36±0.67 a3.36±1.12 a
    总分 total score81.27±3.72 a70.45±2.42 b
    注:同行中不同字母表示在P<0.05 水平上具有显著性差异。
    Note: Different letters mean significant difference in the same line (P<0.05).
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-04-07
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