Abstract: Agricultural new quality productivity provides new opportunities for further cultivating and strengthening new agricultural operations, and also offers a crucial pathway for enhancing the resilience of the agricultural industry chain. Based on panel data from 31 provinces across China from 2011 to 2024, this paper employed the two-way fixed effect model, mediation effect model, and threshold effect model to explore the impact mechanisms through which agricultural new quality productivity influenced the resilience of the agricultural industry chain. The findings revealed that agricultural new quality productivity significantly strengthened the resilience of the agricultural industry chain, and this enhancement effect was more pronounced in regions with low development levels of agricultural new quality productivity and in major grain-producing areas. Agricultural new quality productivity could enhance the resilience of the agricultural industry chain by promoting the development of new agricultural operations and improving the relations of production. Fiscal support for agriculture policies exhibited a nonlinear characteristic of increasing marginal effects in the process by which agricultural new quality productivity bolstered the resilience of the agricultural industry chain. As the level of fiscal support for agriculture increased, the effect of agricultural new quality productivity on improving resilience gradually intensified. Accordingly, it is proposed to precisely develop agricultural new quality productivity based on the “development stage - functional positioning” framework, build higher-quality new agricultural operations, and advance the precision of fiscal support policies for agriculture, so as to further strengthen the resilience of the agricultural industry chain.