Abstract: The formation of Marx’ s anti-poverty theory can be divided into four periods: in the embryonic period, Marx sprouted the ideal of humanitarianism, produced the intention of seeking the free development of human beings, and preliminarily understood the causes of poverty and its influence on human development; in the initial exploration period, Marx revealed that the capitalist system caused people’ s poverty and dehumanization, and revealed that alienation caused people’ s poverty and became an alien force that bound people’ s development; in the basic formation period, Marx revealed the role and historical mission of the people, especially the proletariat in anti-poverty, investigated the survival and development of “real individuals” from the materialist, historical and practical viewpoints, analyzed the causes of poverty and the trend of poverty struggle from the dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations, and proposed to establish a “free association” to realize anti-poverty and free and all-round development of human beings; in the period of development and perfection, Marx profoundly demonstrated that the only way out for poor people to get rid of poverty is to “the squeezer are deprived” , and assumed that poverty can be eliminated and people can develop freely and comprehensively in the advanced stage of communist society. The discussion on the causes of poverty and the realization of anti-poverty constitute the basic content of Marx ’s anti-poverty theory. Marx analyzed the causes of poverty from two clues: the proletariat is dominated by capitalist mode of production and the proletariat is in the development stage of “human independence based on material dependence” , revealing that the fundamental way to fight poverty lies in overthrowing the capitalist system and establishing the communist system, relying mainly on the proletariat and communists, and the ultimate goal is to realize free and all-round development of human beings.