Abstract: Based on the theory of One Health, this paper used structural equation model (SEM) to analyze and measure the effect of multiple influencing factors on farmers’ willingness to adopt resource utilization technologies for livestock and poultry breeding waste. According to the field survey data conducted in Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Hunan Province from 2021 to 2022, valid samples were collected by stratified sampling and simple random sampling. In this paper, six potential variables were identified: farmers’ willingness to adopt, One Health cognition, sense of health, institutional trust, government advocacy, and adoption conditions. Among them, One Health cognition was the main variable of concern, and its impact on farmers’ adoption intention was analyzed, and the role of other latent variables in each pathway was also investigated. The main conclusions of this paper were as follows: farmers’ perception of One Health had an impact on their health perception, which indirectly affected their willingness to adopt environmental protection technologies. The One Health cognition did not directly determine the adoption behavior of farmers, but acted as a mediating factor to affect their adoption intention. An act could only take place when the will was universally agreed. Therefore, the government could cultivate farmers’ awareness of One Health theory and environmental monitoring risks through publicity and health education, and at the same time maintained its own credibility and strengthened technology promotion and policy subsidies.